@article {817, title = {The neural correlates of learned motor acuity.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, volume = {112}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Aug 15}, pages = {971-80}, abstract = {

We recently defined a component of motor skill learning as "motor acuity," quantified as a shift in the speed-accuracy trade-off function for a task. These shifts are primarily driven by reductions in movement variability. To determine the neural correlates of improvement in motor acuity, we devised a motor task compatible with magnetic resonance brain imaging that required subjects to make finely controlled wrist movements under visual guidance. Subjects were imaged on day 1 and day 5 while they performed this task and were trained outside the scanner on intervening days 2, 3, and 4. The potential confound of performance changes between days 1 and 5 was avoided by constraining movement time to a fixed duration. After training, subjects showed a marked increase in success rate and a reduction in trial-by-trial variability for the trained task but not for an untrained control task, without changes in mean trajectory. The decrease in variability for the trained task was associated with increased activation in contralateral primary motor and premotor cortical areas and in ipsilateral cerebellum. A global nonlocalizing multivariate analysis confirmed that learning was associated with increased overall brain activation. We suggest that motor acuity is acquired through increases in the number of neurons recruited in contralateral motor cortical areas and in ipsilateral cerebellum, which could reflect increased signal-to-noise ratio in motor output and improved state estimation for feedback corrections, respectively.

}, issn = {1522-1598}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00897.2013}, author = {Shmuelof, Lior and Yang, Juemin and Caffo, Brian and Mazzoni, Pietro and Krakauer, John W} } @article {815, title = {Neuroinflammation and brain atrophy in former NFL players: An in vivo multimodal imaging pilot study.}, journal = {Neurobiol Dis}, volume = {74C}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Nov 7}, pages = {58-65}, abstract = {

There are growing concerns about potential delayed, neuropsychiatric consequences (e.g, cognitive decline, mood or anxiety disorders) of sports-related traumatic brain injury (TBI). Autopsy studies of brains from a limited number of former athletes have described characteristic, pathologic changes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) leading to questions about the relationship between these pathologic and the neuropsychiatric disturbances seen in former athletes. Research in this area will depend on in vivo methods that characterize molecular changes in the brain, linking CTE and other sports-related pathologies with delayed emergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. In this pilot project we studied former National Football League (NFL) players using new neuroimaging techniques and clinical measures of cognitive functioning. We hypothesized that former NFL players would show molecular and structural changes in medial temporal and parietal lobe structures as well as specific cognitive deficits, namely those of verbal learning and memory. We observed a significant increase in binding of [(11)C]DPA-713 to the translocator protein (TSPO), a marker of brain injury and repair, in several brain regions, such as the supramarginal gyrus and right amygdala, in 9 former NFL players compared to 9 age-matched, healthy controls. We also observed significant atrophy of the right hippocampus. Finally, we report that these same former players had varied performance on a test of verbal learning and memory, suggesting that these molecular and pathologic changes may play a role in cognitive decline. These results suggest that localized brain injury and repair, indicated by increased [(11)C]DPA-713 binding to TSPO, may be linked to history of NFL play. [(11)C]DPA-713 PET is a promising new tool that can be used in future study design to examine further the relationship between TSPO expression in brain injury and repair, selective regional brain atrophy, and the potential link to deficits in verbal learning and memory after NFL play.

}, issn = {1095-953X}, doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.019}, author = {Coughlin, Jennifer M and Wang, Yuchuan and Munro, Cynthia A and Ma, Shuangchao and Yue, Chen and Chen, Shaojie and Airan, Raag and Kim, Pearl K and Adams, Ashley V and Garcia, Cinthya and Higgs, Cecilia and Sair, Haris I and Sawa, Akira and Smith, Gwenn and Lyketsos, Constantine G and Caffo, Brian and Kassiou, Michael and Guilarte, Tomas R and Pomper, Martin G} } @article {landmanb, title = {Biological parametric mapping accounting for random regressors with regression calibration and model II regression}, journal = {Accepted in Neuroimage}, year = {2012}, author = {Yang, X and Lauzon, C and Crainiceanu, C and Caffo, B and Resnick, S and Landman, B} } @article {james, title = {Genetic risk factors for longitudinal changes in structural MRI in former organolead workers}, journal = {Accepted in the Journal of Aging Research}, year = {2012}, author = {James, B and Caffo, B and Stewart, W and Yousem, D and Davatzikos, C. and Schwartz, B} } @article {vadimNI, title = {Functional principal components model for high-dimensional brain imaging}, journal = {Neuroimage, NIHSMID: 316403}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {772 {\textendash} 784}, author = {Zipunnikov, V. and Caffo, B and Yousem, D and Davatziko, C and Schwartz, B and Crainiceanu, C} } @article {Yuste2011, title = {Imaging action potentials with calcium indicators.}, journal = {Cold Spring Harbor protocols}, volume = {2009}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {pdb.prot5316}, abstract = {

The understanding of neuronal circuits has been, and will continue to be, greatly advanced by the simultaneous imaging of action potentials in neuronal ensembles. This protocol describes "bulk" loading of brain slices with acetoxymethyl (AM) ester calcium indicators in order to monitor action potential activity in large populations of neurons simultaneously. The imaging of calcium influx into neurons provides an indirect, but accurate, measure of action potential generation in individual neurons. Single-cell resolution, and thus the easy identification of every active cell, is the key advantage of the technique.

}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21807854}, author = {Yuste, Rafael and MacLean, Jason and Vogelstein, Joshua T and Paninski, Liam} } @article {vadimHDMFPCA, title = {Multilevel functional principal component analysis for high-dimensional data}, journal = {Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, NIMHID: 306063}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {852{\textendash}873}, author = {Zipunnikov, V. and Caffo, B and Crainiceanu, C and Yousem, D and Davatzikos, C. and Schwartz, B} } @article {schwartz2010evaluation, title = {Evaluation of Cumulative Lead Dose and Longitudinal Changes in Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Former Organolead Workers}, journal = {Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, PMCID: PMC2869464}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {407{\textendash}414}, author = {Schwartz, B and Caffo, B and Stewart, W and Hedlin, H and James, B and Yousem, D and Davatzikos, C.} } @article {yousem2009intelligence, title = {Intelligence and Medial Temporal Lobe Function in Older Adults: A Functional MR Imaging-Based Investigation}, journal = {American Journal of Neuroradiology, PMCID: PMC2843089}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {1477{\textendash}1481}, publisher = {Am Soc Neuroradiology}, author = {Yousem, D and Yassa, M and Cristinzio, C and Kusevic, I and Mohamed, M and Caffo, B and Bassett, S} } @article {VogelsteinPaninski09, title = {Spike inference from calcium imaging using sequential Monte Carlo methods.}, journal = {Biophys J}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {636{\textendash}655}, publisher = {Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. joshuav@jhu.edu}, abstract = {

As recent advances in calcium sensing technologies facilitate simultaneously imaging action potentials in neuronal populations, complementary analytical tools must also be developed to maximize the utility of this experimental paradigm. Although the observations here are fluorescence movies, the signals of interest{\textendash}spike trains and/or time varying intracellular calcium concentrations{\textendash}are hidden. Inferring these hidden signals is often problematic due to noise, nonlinearities, slow imaging rate, and unknown biophysical parameters. We overcome these difficulties by developing sequential Monte Carlo methods (particle filters) based on biophysical models of spiking, calcium dynamics, and fluorescence. We show that even in simple cases, the particle filters outperform the optimal linear (i.e., Wiener) filter, both by obtaining better estimates and by providing error bars. We then relax a number of our model assumptions to incorporate nonlinear saturation of the fluorescence signal, as well external stimulus and spike history dependence (e.g., refractoriness) of the spike trains. Using both simulations and in vitro fluorescence observations, we demonstrate temporal superresolution by inferring when within a frame each spike occurs. Furthermore, the model parameters may be estimated using expectation maximization with only a very limited amount of data (e.g., approximately 5-10 s or 5-40 spikes), without the requirement of any simultaneous electrophysiology or imaging experiments.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biological, Calcium, cytology/metabolism, Fluorescence, Inbred C57BL, Intracellular Space, metabolism, Mice, models, Monte Carlo Method, Neurons, Probability, Time Factors}, doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2008.08.005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.08.005}, author = {Vogelstein, Joshua T and Watson, Brendon O and Packer, Adam M and Yuste, Rafael and Jedynak, Bruno and Paninski, Liam} } @article {caffo2007brain, title = {Are Brain Volumes based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mediators of the Associations of Cumulative Lead Dose with Cognitive Function?}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {167}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {429{\textendash}437}, publisher = {Oxford Univ Press}, author = {Caffo, B and Chen, S and Stewart, W and Bolla, K and Yousem, D and Davatzikos, C. and Schwartz, B} } @article {schwartz2007relations, title = {Relations of brain volumes with cognitive function in males 45 years and older with past lead exposure}, journal = {Neuroimage, PMCID: PMC2038986}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {633{\textendash}641}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Schwartz, B and Chen, S and Caffo, B and Stewart, W and Bolla, K and Yousem, D and Davatzikos, C.} } @article {bassett2006familial, title = {Familial risk for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease alters fMRI activation patterns}, journal = {Brain, PMCID: PMC2744898}, volume = {129}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1229{\textendash}1239}, publisher = {Oxford Univ Press}, author = {Bassett, S and Yousem, D and Cristinzio, C and Kusevic, I and Yassa, M and Caffo, B and Zeger, S} } @article {yacoub2003spin, title = {Spin-echo fMRI in humans using high spatial resolutions and high magnetic fields}, journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {655{\textendash}664}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Yacoub, Essa and Duong, Timothy Q and De Moortele, Van and Lindquist, Martin A and Adriany, Gregor and Kim, Seong-Gi and U{\u g}urbil, K{\^a}mil and Hu, Xiaoping and others} }