@article {836,
	title = {Brain mediators of the effects of noxious heat on pain.},
	journal = {Pain},
	volume = {155},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Aug},
	pages = {1632-48},
	abstract = {<p>Recent human neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural correlates of either noxious stimulus intensity or reported pain. Although useful, analyzing brain relationships with stimulus intensity and behavior separately does not address how sensation and pain are linked in the central nervous system. In this study, we used multi-level mediation analysis to identify brain mediators of pain--regions in which trial-by-trial responses to heat explained variability in the relationship between noxious stimulus intensity (across 4 levels) and pain. This approach has the potential to identify multiple circuits with complementary roles in pain genesis. Brain mediators of noxious heat effects on pain included targets of ascending nociceptive pathways (anterior cingulate, insula, SII, and medial thalamus) and also prefrontal and subcortical regions not associated with nociceptive pathways per se. Cluster analysis revealed that mediators were grouped into several distinct functional networks, including the following: somatosensory, paralimbic, and striatal-cerebellar networks that increased with stimulus intensity; and 2 networks co-localized with "default mode" regions in which stimulus intensity-related decreases mediated increased pain. We also identified "thermosensory" regions that responded to increasing noxious heat but did not predict pain reports. Finally, several regions did not respond to noxious input, but their activity predicted pain; these included ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cerebellar regions, and supplementary motor cortices. These regions likely underlie both nociceptive and non-nociceptive processes that contribute to pain, such as attention and decision-making processes. Overall, these results elucidate how multiple distinct brain systems jointly contribute to the central generation of pain.</p>},
	issn = {1872-6623},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.015},
	author = {Atlas, Lauren Y and Lindquist, Martin A and Bolger, Niall and Wager, Tor D}
}
@article {atlas,
	title = {Brain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain},
	journal = {J Neurosci},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {12964-77},
	author = {Atlas, L.Y. and Bolger, N. and Lindquist, Martin A and Wager, T.D.}
}
@article {846,
	title = {Brain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain.},
	journal = {J Neurosci},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Sep 29},
	pages = {12964-77},
	abstract = {<p>Information about upcoming pain strongly influences pain experience in experimental and clinical settings, but little is known about the brain mechanisms that link expectation and experience. To identify the pathways by which informational cues influence perception, analyses must jointly consider both the effects of cues on brain responses and the relationship between brain responses and changes in reported experience. Our task and analysis strategy were designed to test these relationships. Auditory cues elicited expectations for barely painful or highly painful thermal stimulation, and we assessed how cues influenced human subjects{\textquoteright} pain reports and brain responses to matched levels of noxious heat using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used multilevel mediation analysis to identify brain regions that (1) are modulated by predictive cues, (2) predict trial-to-trial variations in pain reports, and (3) formally mediate the relationship between cues and reported pain. Cues influenced heat-evoked responses in most canonical pain-processing regions, including both medial and lateral pain pathways. Effects on several regions correlated with pretask expectations, suggesting that expectancy plays a prominent role. A subset of pain-processing regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and thalamus, formally mediated cue effects on pain. Effects on these regions were in turn mediated by cue-evoked anticipatory activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral striatum, areas not previously directly implicated in nociception. These results suggest that activity in pain-processing regions reflects a combination of nociceptive input and top-down information related to expectations, and that anticipatory processes in OFC and striatum may play a key role in modulating pain processing.</p>},
	keywords = {Adult, Brain, Cognition, Cues, Female, Hot Temperature, Humans, Male, Pain, Pain Threshold, Perception, Physical Stimulation},
	issn = {1529-2401},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0057-10.2010},
	author = {Atlas, Lauren Y and Bolger, Niall and Lindquist, Martin A and Wager, Tor D}
}
@article {Wager09a,
	title = {Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, Part I: Reciprocal dorsal and ventral sub-regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and heart-rate reactivity},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {821-835},
	author = {Wager, T.D. and Waugh, C.E. and Lindquist, Martin A and Noll, D.C. and Fredrickson, B.L. and Taylor, S.F.}
}
@article {Wager09b,
	title = {Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, Part II: Prefrontal subcortical pathways and relationship with anxiety},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {836-851},
	author = {Wager, T.D. and van Ast, V. and Davidson, M.L. and Lindquist, Martin A and Ochsner, K.N.}
}
