@article {786,
	title = {Statistical normalization techniques for magnetic resonance imaging.},
	journal = {Neuroimage Clin},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	pages = {9-19},
	abstract = {<p>While computed tomography and other imaging techniques are measured in absolute units with physical meaning, magnetic resonance images are expressed in arbitrary units that are difficult to interpret and differ between study visits and subjects. Much work in the image processing literature on intensity normalization has focused on histogram matching and other histogram mapping techniques, with little emphasis on normalizing images to have biologically interpretable units. Furthermore, there are no formalized principles or goals for the crucial comparability of image intensities within and across subjects. To address this, we propose a set of criteria necessary for the normalization of images. We further propose simple and robust biologically motivated normalization techniques for multisequence brain imaging that have the same interpretation across acquisitions and satisfy the proposed criteria. We compare the performance of different normalization methods in thousands of images of patients with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, hundreds of patients with multiple sclerosis, and hundreds of healthy subjects obtained in several different studies at dozens of imaging centers.</p>},
	issn = {2213-1582},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.008},
	author = {Shinohara, Russell T and Sweeney, Elizabeth M and Goldsmith, Jeff and Shiee, Navid and Mateen, Farrah J and Calabresi, Peter A and Jarso, Samson and Pham, Dzung L and Reich, Daniel S and Crainiceanu, Ciprian M}
}
@article {806,
	title = {Acute lesions that impair affective empathy.},
	journal = {Brain},
	volume = {136},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 Aug},
	pages = {2539-49},
	abstract = {<p>Functional imaging studies of healthy participants and previous lesion studies have provided evidence that empathy involves dissociable cognitive functions that rely on at least partially distinct neural networks that can be individually impaired by brain damage. These studies converge in support of the proposal that affective empathy--making inferences about how another person feels--engages at least the following areas: prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal gyrus, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, temporal pole, amygdala and temporoparietal junction. We hypothesized that right-sided lesions to any one of these structures, except temporoparietal junction, would cause impaired affective empathy (whereas bilateral damage to temporoparietal junction would be required to disrupt empathy). We studied 27 patients with acute right hemisphere ischaemic stroke and 24 neurologically intact inpatients on a test of affective empathy. Acute impairment of affective empathy was associated with infarcts in the hypothesized network, particularly temporal pole and anterior insula. All patients with impaired affective empathy were also impaired in comprehension of affective prosody, but many patients with impairments in prosodic comprehension had spared affective empathy. Patients with impaired affective empathy were older, but showed no difference in performance on tests of hemispatial neglect, volume of infarct or sex distribution compared with patients with intact affective empathy.</p>},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Brain, Brain Ischemia, brain mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Net, Social Perception, Stroke},
	issn = {1460-2156},
	doi = {10.1093/brain/awt177},
	author = {Leigh, Richard and Oishi, Kenichi and Hsu, John and Lindquist, Martin and Gottesman, Rebecca F and Jarso, Samson and Crainiceanu, Ciprian and Mori, Susumu and Hillis, Argye E}
}
